Animal Rights Should Not Be Banned - 1290 Words

Animal Rights There she sits in her favorite restaurant at her favorite steak house ordering her most favorite meal, steak. It s hunting season and he has been waiting all year to go deer hunting with his father and he just can t wait. The 8 year old girl goes to the doctor sick and discovers she has diabetes. In order to live, she has to inject herself with insulin everyday for the rest of her life. If animal rights is a law then we wouldn t have the luxury of any of these things. Although animals deserve welfare to protect them, animals should not be allowed to have rights because they are essential to medical research, nutrition, and if we didn t consume and use animals there would be an over abundance of them. Laws Animals†¦show more content†¦The law passed by the United States in 1966 places strict laws on animal testing as well. These laws are important for keeping our animals safe and they are very strongly enforced. There is also a human welfare act that puts special protections on animals such as cats and dogs. Medical advances Although animals should never be allowed for cosmetic research, using them for medical research and advances is essential. The medical advances that have been made because of animal testing are mind blowing. Without animal testing, medicine would not exist. Animal testing has helped us discover many treatments to cancer, infections, vaccines for viruses and surgeries.The reason for successful organ transplants in humans are because it was tested out on animals first. For example vaccines have been discovered for smallpox, and polio. In 1980 smallpox was eradicated forever. The deadly disease diabetes kills 29.1 million people a year. Without help of dogs and fish for the invention of insulin, the number of deaths would be a lot higher than they are now. Animals are helping scientists better understand uncured diseases like malaria, tuberculosis, and typhus. Hopefully soon these diseases will have a cure but without

Juvenile Detention Centers A British System Of Punishment

Although the concept of punishing offenders dates back to ancient Greece, American colonists adopted a British system of punishment. Rather than incarceration, offenders were punished with corporal punishment or death. English Quaker William Penn successfully persuaded Pennsylvania to adopt â€Å"The Great Law† which emphasized hard labor in a house of corrections for most crimes (â€Å"History Of Corrections†, n.d.). Thus, the â€Å"penitentiary† was created to keep prisoners isolated from society and one another to reflect on their past misdeeds, repent, and reform (â€Å"History Of Corrections†, n.d.). Today, an array of correctional facilities house over two million offenders across the U.S. Jails are smaller than prisons housing short term offenders or individuals waiting for trial and are run by local governments, such as cities or counties (J.F., 2014). Prisons and penitentiaries are much larger facilities that are run by the federal government and house more serious offenders for longer periods of time (J.F., 2014). Juvenile detention centers are basically prisons for individuals not old enough to be held in jail or prison (J.F., 2014). Military confinement facilities are managed by the Department of Defense within its own system of military justice. The U.S. prison system includes private prisons operated for profit by corporations contracted by the federal government (â€Å"Privatization Of†, n.d.). Years ago, the industry was heavily boosted by the â€Å"war on drugs† efforts of the ReaganShow MoreRelatedShould Juvenile Offenders Be Considered?1521 Words   |  7 PagesShould juvenile offenders be considered a source of fear and subjected to incarceration in adult prisons or a part of society worthy of being rehabilitated? Juvenile delinquents are feared by many today. 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The Juvenile Justice System main function is to rehabilitate the delinquent juveniles who have committed criminal acts and to help them function in today’s society. It is more resolute to rehabilitate a minor than to punish them for things they do that they don’t understand. In some situation it may could be more necessary to punish a juvenile, but punishing a delinquent minor is usually the last resort. In the Adult Justice System, the main functionRead MoreShould Children Be Tried as Adults3976 Words   |  16 PagesCJUS 230. Professor Jennifer DeBoer | Juvenile Justice | Should Children be Tried as Adults? | Rick Penor 5/12/2010 | Juvenile Justice: Should children be tried as adults? Are youth capable of fully understanding the consequences that their actions may cause or are they mentally incapable of processing that information? Juveniles commit crimes just like adults. Sometimes the crimes they commit are heinous, but does that mean they are no longer a child? I believe there may be specialRead More Truman Capotes In Cold Blood: Novel vs Movie Essay1611 Words   |  7 Pagesknow them all. In the movie they are humanized, but in the book you get to know them better. The movie shows us a very disturbed Perry Smith and a cunning, want to get rich quick, Dick Hickock. While the book details Perry’s life in the juvenile detention center, his life in the convent, and the closeness he shared with his sister Barbara. The movie closely mirrored this, and you see great detail of Perry Smith’s childhood. Mr. Capote sets the stage and the fill of the town nicely, by describingRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System Within The United States2357 Words   |  10 PagesThe criminal justice system is a set of agencies and process that have been established to control crime and impose punishment on those who violate them. They aide in apprehending, prosecuting, defending, sentencing, and punishing individuals who have been convicted of a crim. 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Whether the prison system needs reform or outside forces are changing how prisons operate. Prisons are becoming overcrowded. Overcrowding is causing problems within the prisons with sexual assault, healthcare, racism, and solitary confinement. These came to more attention in 2014. When T.J. Lane escapes from Allen Oakwood Correctional Institution. T.J. Lane was serving three life sentencesRead More The Privatization of American Prisons Essay4419 Words   |  18 Pagesof American Prisons Introduction Since 1984, the California Penal System has been forced to undergo drastic changes resulting from increased legislation aimed at increasing the severity of retribution to offenders leading to an exponentially increasing prison population. In the 132 years between 1852 and 1984, the state of California built twelve prisons, but has since supplemented the prison system with 21 new facilities. In 1977, the California Department of Corrections was responsible

Accounting Information Systems Disk4U

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Information Systems Disk4U. Answer: Introduction This report stipulates the methodology and underlining the best information systems to be adjusted by Disk4U and Sungate Ltd. The report majors on how different discoveries accumulated on accounting information system (AIS) and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) ought to be connected to the previously mentioned associations. It highlights the strategy of the business elements Disk4U and Sungate Ltd, a business system that will essentially suggests a total of related attempts which finds their end in the time of selling their items to customer. On a similar viewpoint, it has in like way been noted as a unit of business exercises that once finished, it will meet the targets. The attempt covers a point by point inquiry about AIS/ERP systems for the above organizations as expressed in the two cases given. The substance is intended to give distinctive information on how Disk4U and Sungate as business elements ought to gain, introduce and adjust new business information system structures. The primary target of this report is to inquire about the system to give better innovation which can help enhance the operation of the said organizations. The extent of this report additionally shows different reasons with respect to why different organizations ought to utilize this sort of innovation through assessment of different advantages of accounting information system (AIS) and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). The paper shows the suitable technique which organizations ought to use to accomplish their objective of progress and adaptable administration in all territories particularly in money related administration (Al-Mashari and Zairi 2010). Accounting information system (AIS) and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) have ventures to be taken followed amid the installation. These steps have been demonstrated in the substance to empower the organizations utilize the system effortlessly. The paper additionally clarifies the centrality of good merchant determination and the kind of software to be procured. The report covers every one of the ranges required to build up a legitimate accounting information system which incorporates: deciding Disk4U and Sungate operation process, the organization systems prerequisites and software as shown. Case study one: Disk4U Analysis The beforehand specified organization is developing firm which fundamentally oversees CDs and Vinyl Records. It is in like way exhibited that the affiliation being insinuated is among the little family ensured business that is spread out inside the Metropolis of Sydney. The case goes further to show that the present circumstance of their business is on selling courses of action to their regarded clients on shop fronts, vial sends, telephone orders and new online stations through EBay. The philosophy of offer for this affiliation is combat to have through and through overhaul the things and associations yield particularly on their manual accounting besides business reporting. Disk4U Business Processes Disk4U as talked about in the investigation offers CDs and Vinyl Records. The organization works under manual methodology managing straightforwardly with their clients. The organization likewise work through email connecting with their customers in different land zones and markets. Disk4U Company restricted primarily offer physically to their clients who go to their shops. This demonstrates more often than not the bookkeepers manage brisk money related salaries and direct sections. Besides selling physically and through the messages the company moreover do their selling through telephone calls. Working by means of telephones call implies that the customers make telephone arranges and get their request at their said addresses. Because of progression in innovation the organization is adjusting the utilization online sights to achieve their customers. They have as of late presented the utilization of EBay as another channel of selling. Through the utilization of internet selling it has gone to the administration regard for minimize dangers that may collect thus of expanded money flow.Disk4U has got manual accounting system which should be redesigned in view of the expanded deals edge. Business Requirements Development The business is required to give the obliged support to empower the usage of the new system. The organization ought to give the flexibility and give chance for the group to check their systems and operations. Arrangement of such shots empowers the production of the venture, and testing of the continuous usage. Disk4U is additionally prescribed corporate with the group to facilitate the combination of manual system and the new system. The incorporations includes connecting of the old system business techniques, telephone calls, EBay and email to the new system. The combination additionally includes showing to the clients through client emotionally supportive network, dashboards and consolidating the new system with the accessible inward sites. AIS/ERP Systems Implementing Process Accounting information system (AIS) and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) are unique business plans which are utilized to test information and gather information, keep the information for future reference, and help with the administration of any given substance that uses the system. AIS/ERP system significantly manages money related administration and reports and gives exactness in any exchange occurring in the business amid an exchanging period. The system is valuable to clerks and the inspecting group of a company. It is likewise utilized by business administrators, taxa organizations and whatever other gathering intrigued by the books of records and progressing exchanges of the business. The system does not work if appropriate methodology is not taken after as prosecuted: Implementing ERS Process First step of the execution includes arrangement of appropriate administration where different features of the procedure are painstakingly considered by the organization. The administration at this level is relied upon to give all the required materials, oversee the continuous venture, devote duties to the specialists inside the organization and arrange the group and the organization colleagues to empower quick and snappy usage. Step two of the execution includes making of system support. This progression is connected at the middle of the venture. The group introducing the new system performs legitimate checking of the old system and distinguish different issues that may bring about obstruction. Step three involves consultation services Disk4U is amid the procedure must be sure to concentrate on most of the parts of their line of operation which the system is intended to assess to the following level. Step four involves improvement services for the organization to make upgrades in the new accounting system they have to build up the required system which will be done by the group of specialists. The system is then tried and support is accommodated for custom overhauls and applications. Another essential issue as examined above is the coordination of compromises to existing manual accounting settings and new plan of the limits to other Streak of Commercial Systems, routine recording, and control board. AIS Implementation Diagram, Develop and Build bases on the structure of the association the procedure of portion ought to be sketched out in an arrangement design. This stage executes the use of the administration gathering to keep on assembling the organization's pilot systems. This is used to acknowledge those business strategies and structure value organized in the endeavor game plan. Figure, Trial and Admit Construction on the lessons learned in the preparatory blueprint and using test information derived from the organization past manual system. At this level, the two systems are consolidated to demonstrate to Disk4U staff, the prescribed procedures and systems to them and express the required handiness. This trial is directed to express the progression made. It is likewise intended to decide the fulfillment of the organization as per the general goals of the operations. Execute and Go-Live- the method in this progression will include working with the information given by the organization from the past accounting outline work. At this stage the new arrangement of accounting is as of now done. The information from the manual accounting strategy is exchanged to the prepared accounting structure. Advancing Support With the productive dispatch of the new structure, the planned advancement associate should now continue giving on-going sponsorship. This can be passed on through a help-work territory, close by the utilization of any new overhauls. Various consultancy associations can also give free online classes and customer cluster sessions relying upon the enthusiasm of the organization. Establishment of AIS/ERP system Outcomes Accounting information system has a considerable measure of favorable circumstances when clear procedure and method is followed as demonstrated previously. The organization will have the capacity to make oversight on every one of the procedures going ahead in the organization since the system gives clear distinguishability on every one of the zones. Usage of AIS/ERP system makes smooth work process starting with one area of operation then onto the next and speedier administration arrangement because of computerization of administrations. The organization is in the phase of change and hence, along these lines, it requires quick preparation and provision of services to the customers. This goal must be accomplished if the organization makes fitting usage. Suitable usage of the system encourages preparation of an amalgamated report from all areas of the organization. A few issues influencing the organization can be recognized from every one of the viewpoints because of the knowledge made by the new system. The installed system is very less expensive and assuages organization from the shoreline of working manual accounting books and support of the accessible software by every specialist in the organization. Complete installation of AIS/ERP will empower Disk4U to have simple work in following the books of records and recovering budgetary information in contrast with manual system. Assurance of System Requirements Establishment of new accounting information system (AIS) and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) relies upon the accessibility of assets for immaculate establishment. Such assets include the accessibility of the labor to work in the system. The organization is hence prescribed to give couple of people to help with the new systems. An AIS system works in a few offices inside an association thus prompting to the training of the staff individuals particularly the organization analysis, management officers, bookkeepers and the CFOs. AIS system has got clear strategies and directions utilized amid budgetary information social event, stockpiling or notwithstanding preparing the information. The system in this way works superbly when both the representatives of Disk4U Ltd. and the purchasers are well acquainted with the strategies and guidelines. The system will additionally require the organization information containing all the money related proclamations. This is accomplished through the exchange of requests set by the customers sought after of CDs, report from the business, books of records, tax assessment and other cash related information. The gained information ought to then be exchanged to the AIS information system. Proper software is another imperative component the systems requires for full working. The software embraced is known as the AIS software which is helpful for handling of the monetary information, stockpiling and recover money related information. Disk4U must build up a propelled IT offices since the AIS systems works with legitimately stipulated IT system. Aside from the software, the organization introducing the system ought to give the equipment such switches among others. The organization should additionally give interior supervision to keep up and secure the system or make different securities, for example, passwords. Case study Two: Sungate Company Analysis Overview of Sungate Sungate is a nourishment handling organization working in Victoria locales. The organization is significantly preparing rice from Victoria range and wild rice from different makers in Australia. Because of the organization development to three distinctive land area, the organization utilized a few representatives in 2013 (Al-Mashari and Zairi 2012). The organization utilized a hundred staff individuals in all the three handling firms and stockrooms situated in Melbourne and Victoria promoting workplaces and western Victoria distribution center. The organization covers an endless area of 125,000 square feet and 30,000 tons stockpiling amid the pinnacle seasons. The organization works under its own made rail goad of a cycle 250,000 square feet canvassed in a blacktop. The organization additionally, has gained contamination power system scouring a cycle 240,000 cubic feet of air in one moment. Amid the pinnacles, the organization generates 80 tons of rice for every hour with the colleagues taking a shot at staff highest points of 200 representatives on 24 hours in seven days swifts. The organization secure the rice from the makers on the ground. They buy gigantic ton of rice from 350 ranches all around the Australian district and pack them in the particular compartments. The organization then distributes rice to the nearby market and the worldwide market. Business Process of Sungate As showed in the rundown of above, the organization works as rice processing organization. The organization utilizes manual system of accounting to decide their total assets. The yearly system is very monotonous and the staff individuals work for a considerable length of time assembling money related and business report. The organization serves a tremendous market accepting expansive income from the deals as scolded by the examination. It is in like manner noticed that the organization makes purchases of rice from a few makers whose rundown and exchange ought to be kept (Grabski, Leech and Schmidt 2011). Nevertheless, the organizations patchwork of ISs and information silos requires various manual twofold passages of each budgetary exchange of which a few exchanges require up to ten circumstances sections making the work troublesome and a great deal of time goes at a waste (Driver and Mock 2015). Accordingly, the moderate financial information accumulation of the organization experiences a great deal of troubles in connection to decision making. By and large when there is moderate rate of basic leadership any given organization can endure as far as misfortunes and lessened rate of processing. Business Requirements Development As indicated by the recognized business process, the organization can enhance regarding execution when the hesitant variables are dispose of. The organization concurring the survey of the manual system, it is in the best choice for the firm to embrace Accounting information system (AIS) and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP. The organization requires an AIS system that will enhance the rate of financial data (Gelinas, Dull and Wheeler 2011). The system to be introduced ought to be intended to process double entries with huge information base. There is additionally need to expand the pace of basic leadership by the organization authorities. Sungate requires an accounting system that will have the capacity to decrease the cost of operations thereby minimizing wage cost. AIS/ERP can be the answer for the demand of the business when clear execution system is taken after (Driver and Mock 2015). Implementing AIS/ERP Systems Process Diagram, Develop and Build This phase executes the usage of the organization social occasion to continue collecting the association's pilot structures. Define, Trial and Admit Construction on the lessons learned in the preliminary plan and utilizing test information drawn from the association past manual system. . Execute and Go-Live-the system in this effort will incorporate working with the information given by the association from the past accounting layout work. At this stage, the new game plan of accounting is starting as presently executed. Advancing Support With the gainful dispatch of the new structure, the normal improvement partner ought to now keep giving on-going support. Establishment of AIS/ERP system Outcomes Setting out to establishment of Accounting information system (AIS) and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) will come about into change of the organization. Sungate Ltd. can just gain from the system when the above methodology is completely taken after and enough assets set up. Execution of AIS system will help the organization to increase the rate of gathering finance related information since the system is computerized and ready to work speedier (Amoako-Gyampah and Salam 2014). AIS accounting system gives space to managements to have a knowledge of what is occurring in all parts of the organization. Sungate Ltd. will indicate quicker and fast decision making because of the capacity of the system to gather and investigate information at a rapid pace contrasted with the manual system of operation. Execution of the system empowers simple following of the financial information and help the organization to oversee different distribution centers at a focal office (Moscove, Simkin and Bagranoff 2008). At the point when a given organization embraces AIS/ERP system, the labor cost lessens since a specimen of information that could be dissected by 5-10 laborers should be possible by an individual with the system. In this manner Sungate Ltd. will be alleviated from the financial plan of utilizing vast number of representatives culminating to lessened cost of operation (Choe 2014). Prerequisites of Sungate system AIS software Hardware Arrangement Information from the past system records Internal control which is given by the organization Appropriate Information technology network Trained individual as system operators Sungate and Disk4U Companies Software Selection Software Selection Procedure AIS software determination is very imperative and includes a strategy to be lined so as to think of best software with regards to the financial plan the organizations have set up for the venture. The organizations should first concoct an adjusted at settled innovation consultative advisory group (Romney, Cushing and Steinbart 2013). Primary capacity of the built up panel is to be an oversight on the different areas. They think of necessities of each office which ought to be fathomed by the system yet to be built up and it is for the most part made out of the administration and the IT chiefs (Al-Mashari and Zairi 2009). The following methodology is the planning of the office need investigation where every division makes examination. After the said methods, the organizations ought to, in this way, draw in an independent expert keeping in mind the end goal to settle on insightful decisions and convey them to the seller (Romney 2010). Inclusion of Vendor and AIS Software Resolution There are various AIS software suppliers promoting their items in the whole market. The organizations should along these lines be keen to guarantee that the chosen seller can meet their advantage. These product suppliers incorporate MYOB, Xero SAP, and Microsoft accounting. Because both organizations are either medium or small, the best software prescribed from the directed research is the SAP (Al-Mashari and Al-Mudimigh 2013). The SAP software is quicker, great quality, more solid and its key segments are compelling for the AIS software. The cost of the product is reasonable and gives high information item. Conclusion Accounting information system (AIS) and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) remains imperative for each association be it huge or small. There are number of advantages which are appreciated by organizations utilizing this kind of innovation as talked about inside the setting of the paper (Aladwani 2011). It is, hence, prescribed for the organizations to take after the method and execute the new system to help manage their issues. References Aladwani, A.M., 2011. Change management strategies for successful ERP implementation. Business Process management journal, 7(3), pp.266-275. Al-Mashari, M. and Al-Mudimigh, A., 2013. ERP implementation: lessons from a case study. Information Technology People, 16(1), pp.21-33. Al-Mashari, M. and Zairi, M., 2009. Standardization through SAP R/3; A proposed model for effective implementation. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on SIIT (pp. 19-24). Al-Mashari, M. and Zairi, M., 2010. Supply-chain re-engineering using enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems: an analysis of a SAP R/3 implementation case. International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, 30(3/4), pp.296-313. Al-Mashari, M. and Zairi, M., 2012. The effective application of SAP R/3: a proposed model of best practice. Logistics Information Management, 13(3), pp.156-166. Amoako-Gyampah, K. and Salam, A.F., 2014. An extension of the technology acceptance model in an ERP implementation environment. Information management, 41(6), pp.731-745. Choe, J.M., 2014. The relationships among performance of accounting information systems, influence factors, and evolution level of information systems. Journal of Management Information Systems, 12(4), pp.215-239. Driver, M.J. and Mock, T.J., 2015. Human information processing, decision style theory, and accounting information systems. The Accounting Review, 50(3), pp.490-508. Gelinas, U.J., Dull, R.B. and Wheeler, P., 2011. Accounting information systems. Cengage learning. Gordon, L.A. and Miller, D., 2015. A contingency framework for the design of accounting information systems. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 1(1), pp.59-69. Grabski, S.V., Leech, S.A. and Schmidt, P.J., 2011. A review of ERP research: A future agenda for accounting information systems. Journal of information systems, 25(1), pp.37-78. Hall, J.A., 2012. Accounting information systems. Cengage Learning. Jarrar, Y.F., Al-Mudimigh, A. and Zairi, M., 2013. ERP implementation critical success factors-the role and impact of business process management. In Management of Innovation and Technology, 2000. ICMIT 2000. Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE International Conference on (Vol. 1, pp. 122-127). IEEE. Moscove, S.A., Simkin, M.G. and Bagranoff, N.A., 2008. Core concepts of accounting information systems. John Wiley Sons, Inc.. Romney, M.B., Cushing, B.E. and Steinbart, P.J., 2013. Accounting information systems. Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc.. Romney, M.B., Steinbart, P.J., Zhang, R. and Xu, G., 2010. Accounting information systems. Pearson Education.

Social - Economic - and Environmental Impacts

Question: Discuss about the Social, Economic, and Environmental Impacts. Answer: Introduction: Betting or Gambling has been defined as gaming or participation of individuals on the larger scale to become a part of a lottery. It has in return has also been described as playing a game of getting an opportunity for earning money or getting something equals to the worth of money. A game of opportunity comprises of both fames of luck and of mixed opportunities and skills. So, in this essay the issues which government faces due to online gambling and betting would be discussed with certain points in favor of doing such acts and some points for imposing ban on such acts would be discussed (Zaccheus, 2016). In Singapore, such kinds of acts i.e. of gambling and betting have been observed to take place at a higher scale. So, the Remote Gambling Act was passed in 2014 in order to strictly regulate the numerous number of online gambling in the state. The Act would outlaw the remote which was granted by the non-exempt operators. Betting was prohibited as it has been regarded as an offence to gamble or do online betting by making use of remote communication or gambling services. The penalty which would be imposed upon the person who would be found doing or indulging in such act was a fine not exceeding S$5,000 or imprisonment for a period not exceeding 6 months or both. The modern online betting industry presently grants distinguished good contents and contains service clients but still it impact vastly upon the people living therein. There have been a number of issues which the government faces due to the act of online betting. A number of studies have made use of the monetary concept of price to impartially measure and examine social influence phenomena; as a result the word social price has turn out to be the dominant intermediate to recognize the power and length of social effects. Although, it was observed that the social worth of gambling in the state has risen at a rapid pace. This industry has characteristically impacted both the positive and the negative effects towards the local society and the lifestyle of the citizens (Wu Chen, 2015). The establishment and the budding up of this industry was boosted by majority of people in the state which led to the positive impact on their society and also it has no direct association with an increase criminal activities. The economic impact of online betting could be that opening up of casino or online gambling could bring large tax revenues for the governments which would undeniably regarded as the best economic advantage that this industry could contribute. Online betting could promote local economic growths and bring more helpful chances to profitable activities. Apart from direct financial advantages, the organization of casinos for gambling could also improve chances which were linked with entertaining, free time, and amusement actions within these areas (Chan, 2014). Apart from these issues such acts also have certain environmental effects also. As casino trades produce positive restricted ecological conclusions, such as the defense of natural environments and ecological resources, the conservation of historical infrastructures and many more. Regarding the negative environmental effects of casino gambling, there have been a number of aspects which were more often than not mentioned by people such as traffic jams, parking complexity, growth of trash, soil erosion, poor air quality, and many more (Channel News Asia, 2016). But it was in the year 2016, when it was confirmed by the Minister for Social and Family Development in 2016 that it would permit two local lottery operatives to propose betting grants a regulated and secured stage for gamblers. It was confirmed when National Council of Churches Singapore (NCCS) raised its issue over the past verdict for permitting Singapore Pools and Turf Club to propose bets online (The Cabin Singapore, 2017). It stated that the move sent "perplexing and contradictory signals" which provided that the Remote Gambling Act have prohibited all other forms of online betting. On this point it was stated that the Government contributes the issues of anti-gambling and religious groups over the issue of betting. But in spite of the innovative laws which were made against unlawful online betting, "individuals would not totally eliminate the difficulty", by stating that "it was there and it was developing" (Straits Times, 2016). But it was stated by the government to both the operators that it could close down websites, but new websites would be outlined, sometimes faster than the government could close them down. "It has been a global market with a lot of money to be made, and the worst thing is that it is unregulated and there are no safety measures in place." Therefore, it was stated that people would continue to be strained to these websites so it was decided to have "a firmly forbidden outlet" through which the Government which could moderate any issues, and thwart it from developing more than it should (Morgan, 2014). The government stated that people who want to speculate online on the lawful platforms must be at least 21 years old, and would have to set day by day betting restrictions. They would also not be able to place bets on credit. An obtainable barring regime, which permits families to restrict their relatives from casinos, would also be in place for online betting. Mr Tan, who was the minister, stated that he was expectant by the instances of Hong Kong and Norway which also permits a small number of lawful online betting operators. As it was found out in that case that it has not worsened the circumstance at all as Singapore rules were even stricter (Straits Times, 2016). It was also confirmed by the Minister that, "If people don't have this ecology, what it means was that those who look for in order to evade subsisting restrictions that were in place would then operate in a place that was completely tolerant. So it could be concluded that it was actually an amalgamation of these events that people think would be one manner to deal with the possible mounting issue. Online gambling if done as it was done by the two operators by limiting the per day limit of gambling by legal means could be acceptable only for the required games which were allowed by the government. As people were also interested in such games. In this case wherein two operators were allowed NCCS stated that it has taken immense care for promoting betting positively as Council aims to initiate its own events to tackle issues relating to gambling. This includes making a task force to discover manners to mitigate the detrimental impacts of betting, mainly the excitement of online betting; publishing a follow up on betting that could be placed in the hands of every church person; and monitor such acts with providing a feedback to the Government (Straits Times, 2016). The council also stated that as a result of this online betting could be regarded as a legal act. References Chan, Y.L. (2014). Remote Gambling Act how it will affect online gambling in Singapore. Retrieved on 20th March 2017 from: https://singaporelegaladvice.com/remote-gambling-act-will-affect-online-gambling-singapore/ Channel News Asia. (2016). Online gambling decision a 'judgment call' by Govt: National Council of Churches. Retrieved on 20th March 2017 from: https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/online-gambling-decision-a-judgment-call-by-govt-national/3220624.html Morgan, M.K. (2014). Singapore Cracks Down On Online Gambling. Retrieved on 20th March 2017 from: https://www.skrine.com/publications/legal-insights/660-singapore-cracks-down-on-online-gambling- Straits Times. (2016). Govt's decision on online betting a 'judgment call'. Retrieved on 20th March 2017 from: https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/govts-decision-on-online-betting-a-judgment-call Straits Times. (2016). Heated exchange on bid to allow limited online gambling. Retrieved on 20th March 2017 from: https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/heated-exchange-on-bid-to-allow-limited-online-gambling The Cabin Singapore. (2017). Online Betting in Singapore: What it Means for Gambling Addiction. Retrieved on 20th March 2017 from: https://www.thecabinsingapore.com.sg/online-gambling-in-singapore/ Wu, S.T. Chen, Y.S. (2015). The social, economic, and environmental impacts of casino gambling on the residents of Macau and Singapore. Tourism Management,Vol. 48, pp. 285298 Zaccheus, M. (2016). Government decision to allow online betting 'a judgement call': National Council of Churches of Singapore. Retrieved on 20th March 2017 from: https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/govt-decision-to-allow-online-betting-a-judgement-call-national-council-of-churches-of

Lab 12 the Central Nervous System free essay sample

Name_Jennifer Pettersen_ Central Nervous System Lab 1. Match the terms below with the statements that follow. A. Central sulcus | H. Medulla oblongata | B. Cerebral Cortex | I. Midbrain | C. Convolution (gyrus) | J. Optic Chiasma | D. Corpus callosum | K. Pineal gland | E. Falx cerebelli | L. Pons | F. Hypothalamus | M. Tentorium cerebella | G. Insula | N. Diencephalon | 1. Structure formed by the crossing-over of the optic nerves ___J__ 2. Part of the diencephalon that forms lower walls and floor of third ventricle _F_ 3. Cone-shaped structure attached to upper posterior portion of diencephalon __K__ 4. Connects cerebral hemispheres __D_ 5. Ridge on surface of the cerebellum ___C_ 6. Separates frontal and parietal lobes __A__ 7. Part of brain between diencephalon and pons __I___ 8. Rounded bulge on underside of brainstem __L__ 9. Part of brainstem continuous with the spinal cord __H_ 10. A layer of dura mater that separates occipital lobe from cerebellum _M____ 11. A layer of dura mater that separates occipital lobe from cerebellum __E___ 12. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab 12: the Central Nervous System or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Cerebral lobe located deep within lateral sulcus ___G_ 3. Thin layer of gray matter on surface of cerebellum ___B__ 2. Indicate which cranial nerve(s) is/are most closely associated with each of the following functions: 1. Sense of hearing __auditory________________________________________________ 2. Sense of taste __facial____________________________________________________ _ 3. Sense of sight _optic_____________________________________________________ 4. Sense of smell _olfactory__________________________________________________ __ 5. Sense of equilibrium __vestibular cochlear_________________________________________ 6. Conducting sensory impulses from upper teeth __maxillary trigeminal_________________ 7. Conducting sensory impulses form lower teeth __mandibular trigeminal___ 8. Raising the eye lids___occulomotor_________________________________ 9. Focusing lenses of eyes ___occulomotor____________________________________ 10. Adjusting amount of light entering the eye __occulomotor_________________ 11. Moving eyes______trochclear abducens_____________________________________ 12. Stimulating salivary glands _facial_________________________ 13. Movement of trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles __accessory_______________ 14. Muscular movements associated with speech _vagus accessory hypoglossal_ 15. Muscular movements associated with swallowing _vagus accessory hypoglossal___ 3. Name the indicated structures. A. Frontal Lobe J. Transverse cerebral fissure B. Precentral gyrus K. Cerebellum C. Central Sulcus L. Pons D. Postcentral gyrus M. Medulla oblongata E. Parietal lobe N. Gyrus F. Parieto-occipital sulcus O. Cortex G. Lateral sulcus P. Sulcus H. Occipital lobe Q. White Matter I. Temporal lobe R. Fissure 4. Name the indicated structures. A. Septum pellucidum H. Pituitary gland B. Interthalamic adhesion I. Temporal lobe of cerebral hemisphere C. Cerebral hemisphere J. Mammillary body D. Interventricular foramen K. Pons E. Anterior commissure L. Medulla oblongata F. Hypothalamus M. Spinal cord G. Optic chiasma 5. Name the indicated structures. A. Parietal lob of cerebral hemisphere I. Corpora quadrigemina B. Corpus callosum J. midbrain C. Fornix K. Cerabral aqueduct D. Choroid plesux L. Arbor vitae E. Occipital lobe of cerebral hemisphere M. Fourth ventricle F. Thalamus N. Choroid plexus G. Posterior commissure O. Cerebellum H. Pineal gland . Name the indicated structures. A. Hypothalamus K. Crus cerebri of cerebral peduncles B. Mammillary body L. Pituitary gland C. Pons M. Pons D. Middle cerebellar peduncle N. Olive E. There is nothing labled E. O. Superior colliculus F. Pyramid P. Inferior colliculus G. Decussation of pyramids Q. Superior cerebellar peduncle H. Thalamus R. Middle cerebellar peduncle I. Crus cerebri of cerebral peduncles S. Inferior cerebellar peduncle J. Thalamus 7. Name the indicated structures. A. Dorsal Funiculus J. Dorsal Horn B. Ventral funiculus K. Ventral horn C. Lateral funiculus L. Lateral horn D. Dorsal root ganglion M. Central canal E. Spinal nerve N. Ventral median fissure F. Dorsal root O. Pia mater G. Ventral root P. Arachnoid mater H. Dorsal median sulcus Q. Spinal dura mater I. Gray commissure 8. Complete the following statements 1. Each of the 31 segments of the spinal cord gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves. 2. The bulge of the spinal cord that gives off nerves to the upper limbs is called the cervical enlargement. 3. The bulge of the spinal cord that gives off nerves to the lower limbs is called the lumbar enlargement. 4. The posterior median sulcus is a groove that extends the length of the spinal cord posteriorly. 5. In a spinal cord cross section, the posterior _horns__ of the gray matter appears as the upper wings of a butterfly. 6. The cell bodies of motor neurons are found in the _anterior horns of the spinal cord_ . 7. The __gray commisure__ connects the gray matter on the left and right sides of the spinal cord. 8. The _central canal_ in the gray commissure of the spinal cord contains cerebrospinal fluid is continuous with the ventricles of the brain. 9. Collectively, the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia meter are called spinal meninges.

Free Essays on Airport Technology

Airport management â€Å"McCarran Airport† The McCarran International airport is located in Las Vegas Nevada just one mile south of the strip. The McCarran International Airport is part of the Clark county Airport system which owns and operates six airports, including five general aviation airports. These airports are operated under the policy direction of the Board of County Commissioners, the authority of the County Manager and the management of the director and Deputy Director of Aviation. The Department of Aviation is a self sufficient enterprise and operates without county general fund tax revenues. The areas of the McCarran airport that we will attempt to analyze are: the Airports’ history, current status, the future plans; design factors and an evaluation whether or not these factors are suitable for the existing and future needs of the airport. First we will discuss the current facts of the Airport. McCarran International is the fifth busiest airport in North America, and 12th in the world as of the year 2000. In 2001 passenger traffic was 35,203,808. Currently McCarran airport averages 96,449 passengers per day compared to the 1991 average of 55,266 per day. Between 1991 and 2000 passenger traffic has increased 74.5%. Currently more than 30 airlines provide nonstop service to more than 70 international and domestic destinations. All of the major airlines fly into the airport including United, southwest, American west, Delta, American, Continental and Northwest. This adds up to 30 Domestic Airlines, 23 International and 21 Charter. More than 900 daily schedule flights fly in and out of the Airport. McCarran offers nonstop scheduled service to Canada, Germany, Japan, Mexico and London. Also fourteen airfreight companies provide service through McCarran. McCarran consists of 92 aircraft gates at two separate terminal buildin gs. Terminal 1 has gates A-D with gate A totaling 19 gates, B 20 gates, C19 gates and D has 26 gates.... Free Essays on Airport Technology Free Essays on Airport Technology Airport management â€Å"McCarran Airport† The McCarran International airport is located in Las Vegas Nevada just one mile south of the strip. The McCarran International Airport is part of the Clark county Airport system which owns and operates six airports, including five general aviation airports. These airports are operated under the policy direction of the Board of County Commissioners, the authority of the County Manager and the management of the director and Deputy Director of Aviation. The Department of Aviation is a self sufficient enterprise and operates without county general fund tax revenues. The areas of the McCarran airport that we will attempt to analyze are: the Airports’ history, current status, the future plans; design factors and an evaluation whether or not these factors are suitable for the existing and future needs of the airport. First we will discuss the current facts of the Airport. McCarran International is the fifth busiest airport in North America, and 12th in the world as of the year 2000. In 2001 passenger traffic was 35,203,808. Currently McCarran airport averages 96,449 passengers per day compared to the 1991 average of 55,266 per day. Between 1991 and 2000 passenger traffic has increased 74.5%. Currently more than 30 airlines provide nonstop service to more than 70 international and domestic destinations. All of the major airlines fly into the airport including United, southwest, American west, Delta, American, Continental and Northwest. This adds up to 30 Domestic Airlines, 23 International and 21 Charter. More than 900 daily schedule flights fly in and out of the Airport. McCarran offers nonstop scheduled service to Canada, Germany, Japan, Mexico and London. Also fourteen airfreight companies provide service through McCarran. McCarran consists of 92 aircraft gates at two separate terminal buildin gs. Terminal 1 has gates A-D with gate A totaling 19 gates, B 20 gates, C19 gates and D has 26 gates....

Sources of Stress and Anxiety in Adolescent Students Study Assignment

Sources of Stress and Anxiety in Adolescent Students Study - Assignment Example Stress is the response or the reaction that a body shows when faced with disturbances that may be external or internal in nature and is actually a process by which one meets the challenges and threats in our daily lives (Myers, 2005). In an adolescent, if stress enhances the learning abilities it is known as good stress (â€Å"Eustress†), but if it inhibits or suppresses the capabilities and inherent potentialities of the adolescent, then it is bad stress (â€Å"Distress†) and must be avoided. An adolescent may face stress owing to parental pressure to excel in their studies, poor time management while organizing studies, while planning for their future which may often be hampered by parental interference, and also often due to impending school report cards and the parental reaction thereafter. This article will examine these causal factors for ‘adolescent stress related to studies’, and will explore its outward manifestations in various ways, like psycholo gical, physiological and social dysfunction in adolescents, and interventions to lessen stress. â€Å"Children are constantly being subjected to stress and conflict in their external environment: from family school and work, and nature; and in their internal environment: from their feelings of anger, anxiety, sadness and loneliness† (Arnold, 52). Stress may manifest itself in various ways, which may in effect cause our bodies to function differently as a reaction to the stressful situation. Khalid in his research papers on adolescent students has shown that over one-third (35.5%) of adolescents have had stress (Khalid, 33-37) while Bawens and Jack in their papers have concluded that adolescent stress comes mostly from school and are related to disproportionate amounts of assignments amounting to huge workload, frequent class examinations, biased behavior of the school teachers and the indignity of lagging behind the school peers in class studies.

Business Writing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Writing - Assignment Example While preparing the draft, Kathy should take into consideration the detailed information available on the subject which includes various opinion and suggestion of the persons on the matter, her own opinion and perspectives, etc. Based on these inputs, Kathy would need to decide on the parts of her writing which needs to be edited, added or replaced. After preparing the draft, Kathy should read the piece to herself in order to be sure that her writing is properly structured and follow a logical flow with meaningful interpretations. In the draft written by Kathy, she should also look to remove redundant words which do not add sense to the piece of writing. The draft that is prepared by Kathy would need to be revised in order to make sure that the sentences written by her are structured, logical and meaningful. Kathy should look to present her writing in a better manner and use separate paragraphs where necessary. Kathy could also look to take suggestions and feedbacks from her peers in order to improve her writing skills relevant to the piece. After performing these steps, Kathy should make sure that she proofreads the piece written by her. This step is important for Kathy to produce a piece of writing to the target readers which do not contain any grammatical errors, errors in punctuation, spelling errors, etc. In this activity of proofreading, Kathy would need to make sure that all sentences in the writing piece are complete, simple and meaningful. Kathy would be able to remove her confusion in process of writing by performing these steps and would be able to produce a completely structured and perfect form of writing. Comparison of oral v/s written medium of communication: Advantages and disadvantages, examples In order to remove the confusion of Kathy in understanding the differences and applications of oral medium and written medium of communication, the advantages and disadvantages of both the form of communication should be explained. This would help Kathy to undertake the appropriate medium of communication in order to apply the same according to the need of the situation. The advantages of the oral medium of communication would help Kathy to resolve the issues faced the customers on an immediate basis. A good power of communication would help in resolving the customer complaints immediately (Kaul 15). The grievances could be settled in the front desk on an instant basis to the satisfaction of the customers in the hotel of Las Vegas. Thus effective oral communication would help in consolidating the customer relation for the Las Vegas hotel. The disadvantages of oral communication are that the facial expressions and emotions expressed during the communication process could not be concealed. This could lead to flaring of tempers. Once an oral communication is mishandled, it is very difficult to repair the relationship between the communicators. Thus Kathy should be careful of these disadvantages of oral medium of communication. In cas es where oral medium of communication is not effective, where maintenance of official records are necessary to validate the earlier communication held, the written form of communication would be advantageous and Kathy would need to adopt this form of communication. Moreover, written medium of communication is beneficial when the sender and the receiver of message are not within reachable distance.

Civil and Criminal Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Civil and Criminal Practice - Essay Example As I was crossing the road, I was knocked over by a car that was driving too fast and in my opinion, in excess of the statutory speed limit. 1.7. Since the accident, the Defendant has been convicted of a road traffic offence under section 4 of the Road Traffic Accidents Act 1988 for driving or being in charge when under the influence of drink1. I have been provided with the incident number, which is 0191565B. 1.7. Since the accident, I have been out of work for four months as a direct result of injuries suffered and wish to make a claim for compensation against the Defendant in respect of my injury and loss of income arising from the accident. This memorandum sets out my advice regarding the determination of a reasonable success fee in the proposed conditional fee agreement for the legal representation of Mark Jameson’s claim against the defendant Brian Platt for personal injury and loss of earnings. The success fee can be as high as 100% of the time2 charge of normal costs of legal representation and the manner in which the recommended success fee percentage has been calculated in Mr Jameson’s case is based on my risks analysis assessment of the case, which includes the following: There doesn’t appear to be any issue regarding fault liability in the case and this is further bolstered by the defendant’s conviction under section 4 of the Road Traffic Accidents Act 1988 for driving under the influence of alcohol. Furthermore, as a direct result of the accident, Mr Jameson was hospitalised for two days and suffered a broken ankle, two fractured ribs and nervous shock and we have a detailed hospital report and independent medical report to verify that Mr Jameson’s injuries were directly caused by the accident4. As such, the merits of the claim are not in contention and there is a strong likelihood of success at trial. With regard to the value of the claim, Mr Jameson has been unable to work for four months as a direct result of injuries caused by

Drinking And Dining Philosophers Philosophy Essay

Drinking And Dining Philosophers Philosophy Essay The Dining Philosophers and Drinking Philosophers resolution problems are of very famous and of practical importance in Distributed systems to resolve conflicts between processes. It illustrates the problem of having multiple processes contending for multiple shared resources in the same time. However, the conflict resolution between processes usually happens in favor of some process against the other (victim process). Some solutions allow the processes to enter a deadlock situation and then recover from it by choosing that victim process. In this case, it is very important to make sure that the victim process selection is not always the same to ensure some sort of fairness in the system and prevent starvation from occurring. Other solutions dont allow the system to enter a deadlock situation from the beginning and so prevent the crash from happening at the first place. In this survey paper, we will discuss some of the different proposed solutions to that very famous problem and try to compare between them and find the advantages, disadvantages, and most suitable applications for each one. Introduction: Figure1. Dining Philosophers Problem The dining philosophers problem is a very old problem in concurrent computation. It can be described as having five philosophers sitting at a circular table doing one of two things: either eating or thinking. They sit at the circular table with a bowl of spaghetti in front of each philosopher. A fork is placed between each philosopher and his neighbor. A philosopher must eat with two forks. A philosopher can only use the forks next to him. The philosophers here represent processes in a distributed system. The philosophers never interact or talk to each other (there is no communication between the processes), which brings high possibility of deadlock situation when every philosopher holds a one fork and waits for the other one which is already held by his neighboring philosopher. A deadlock situation means having a set of processes each of which is waiting for one or more resources in order to continue its execution. However, one or more required resources are held by another process in the set forming a cycle in the wait-for graph (a graph connects the set of processes each of which pointing to the process currently holding the required resource). The problem is used to illustrate having a deadlock situation in a distributed system. It reaches a deadlock situation if it reaches a cycle of requests that were not granted. In this case, 1st philosopher is waiting for a fork held by 2nd philosopher, while 2nd one is waiting for a fork held by the 3rd one and so on, making a circular chain of non-granted requests to resources. Starvation is another issue that may occur and should be taken care of when resolving the conflicts between philosophers after reaching a deadlock situation. Starvation in general means to have a specific process utilizing some resource all the time without giving the chance to other processes to use that resource. In this case, the other processes are starving. In dining philosophers problem, this happens by selecting a victim philosopher and suspending him for a small amount of time and then let him try to grab the fork again. Starvation occurs if the same philosopher is always chosen as the victim. This depends on the mechanism used to resolve the conflict and recover from the deadlock situation. Drinking Philosophers Problem is very similar to the Dining philosophers problem with some differentiations. It is assumed that a number of philosophers are sitting next to each other (imagine the same round table as the dining philosophers problem). There is a bottle between each pair of neighboring philosophers. Each philosopher can start drinking at any time (concurrent execution of processes). However, when a drinking session is about to start for a philosopher, he needs a set of bottles. This means that he may need one of the two bottles next to him (on the left or on the right) or he may need both. If he needs both bottles to drink, he cannot start drinking until he grabs both bottles (resources). A solution is needed to this problem to coordinate the requests raised by each philosopher without preventing some special cases from occurring. For example, it may happen that all the philosophers want to drink at the same time and they all ask for the bottle on their left hand side. This is a valid case which should not be prevented by the solution algorithm because this prevents the processes from executing concurrently. There have been a lot of solutions proposed to the dining philosophers problem. One of them is the Waiter solution. It is a simple solution that introduces a waiter at the table. A philosopher who is willing to grab a fork will have to ask for the waiters permission. The waiter acts as the coordinator process since he knows the status of all the philosophers (processes) and the forks (resources) and can decide which request to grant and which request to refuse if it going to allow a deadlock to occur. Another solution is the Resource Hierarchy solution. It works by numbering the resources (forks) from 1 to 5. Each philosopher can start eating by requesting the lower-numbered fork before the higher-numbered one. If granted, he can continue to ask for the higher-numbered fork. When freeing the resources (forks), he will have to free the higher-numbered fork before the lower-numbered one allowing another philosopher who has already grabbed his lower-numbered fork to grab his higher-numbered fork and start eating. One very famous solution to that problem is to not let the philosopher eat unless his two neighboring philosophers are not eating. This is done by letting the philosopher check his right neighbor, if he is not eating, he goes and check his left neighbor, if he is not eating also, then he can start eating by grabbing the two forks. However, it is not that simple because his right neighbor could start eating while he is checking his left neighbor. This is done by using Mutual Exclusion locks (Monitors). Mutual Exclusion algorithms are used in distributed systems to prevent simultaneous use of common resources by using critical sections which are pieces of code that allow the process to access that shared resource without being interrupted by any other process or an event generated by the executing process itself. Monitors are used on the functions that change the Philosophers states so it guarantees that the state of the philosopher wont change while checking the state of the second on e. This solution is very similar to the solution which states that if the philosopher have been able to grab his right fork but could not grab his left fork, he should release the right fork since grabbing it without the left fork has no benefit. In fact, it affects the philosophers right neighbor since he cannot eat because his left fork is grabbed already (without any benefit) while his right fork can be free. In order for this solution to be useful, it is needed to assure that none of the philosophers are starving. This can be done by maintaining a counter for the maximum number of times that a philosopher has been prevented from eating so that a philosopher can be prevented from picking up a fork because his neighbor is starving. In this paper, we will go through different papers that propose different solutions with different characteristics for each one. The first solution was proposed by Chandy and Misra long time ago to let an arbitrary number of agents (philosophers) to be able to contend to an arbitrary number of resources (forks) using a completely distributed starvation-free algorithm. The second one solves the dining philosophers problem in the presence of malicious failures using a combination of stabilization and optimal crash failure locality. The third one solves the dining philosophers problem in the presence of faulty processes in the system with a crash locality 1 using partial synchrony. Chandy / Misra Solution: This solution was proposed in 1984 to support arbitrary number of processes (philosophers) to contend to arbitrary number of resources (forks); not necessarily two forks. The algorithm is totally distributed and requires no central authority after initialization like the solutions mentioned in the introduction part of this paper. Each fork has two states, dirty or clean. Initially, all forks are dirty. Whenever two philosophers try to contend for a fork, give it to the agency with the lower ID with a dirty state at the beginning. Whenever a philosopher wants a resource that is held by another one, he should send request messages to all the philosophers having the resources he needs. When a philosopher gets a request message from a contending one, he should give the fork to him if it is dirty, and keep the fork with him in case it is clean. Whenever a philosopher gives away a fork, he changes its state to be clean and frees the resource. When a philosopher uses a clean fork for eating, it becomes dirty. This solution has other benefits as well. It allows high degree of concurrency and can be used to solve large problems since there is no constraint on the number of processes or resources contended by them in the algorithm. The algorithm also solves the starvation problem by using the clean / dirty states for forks. It acts as a preference to give the fork to the most starved philosopher and delays the philosophers who have just eaten and are requesting the fork again. This algorithm is also called the Hygienic Dining Philosophers algorithm. It is considered one of the fundamental solutions to the dining philosophers problem. It is used as a basis for many other papers and researches to develop more resolution algorithms for the dining and drinking philosophers problem. Dining Philosophers that Tolerate Malicious Crashes: A Malicious Crash is a fault in a process due to a component or environmental failure that will lead to arbitrary behavior in that process by doing a finite number of arbitrary steps and then end all its operations without informing or alerting other processes in the system. The paper models malicious crashes by combining two types of failures, Halting Failures and Transient Failures. A Halting failure occurs when the failed process does not do anything due to the failure. A special case of this failure is the initially dead process where the failed process does not do anything throughout the whole operation of the system. A transient failure perturbs the system for a finite amount of time and then leaves the system in some arbitrary state. Stabilization algorithms are used to solve this type of failures since Stabilizing algorithms are able to start from any arbitrary incorrect state of the system, brings the system to a logically correct state, and makes it continue correct operati on thereafter. a non-malicious crash is called benign crash in this paper. It is assumed in the paper that the system could be asynchronous and though it is stated in other papers that the minimum crash locality that can be achieved in case of crashes in a dining philosophers system is 2 (the distance between the farthest process affected by the crashed process and the crashed process in 2). It is also mentioned that it is very difficult to identify a crashed process from a slow one in an asynchronous system. It is known only if the failure is a fail-stop (a type of Halting Failure where other processes know when that process failed). The algorithm works by introducing a priority between each pair of processes in the dining philosophers system. This is done by assigning a direction for the link between each pair of philosophers. This direction identifies the direct ancestors and descendants of each process in the system. The directed links are assigned in such a way that prevents having cycles in the graph (the graph is acyclic). A hungry process will eat only if its direct ancestors are not hungry (maintaining priorities in the progress condition of the algorithm). Also, when a hungry process is done eating, it changes its priority to become the descendant of all its neighbors by changing the directions of the links. A deadlock is not possible to occur in this case since the algorithm would make sure that the directed links do not form a cycle in the dependency graph. Having a dependency graph may violate the liveness property if having long chains of waiting processes and one of the waiting processes crashes. The liveness property can be violated also if the dependency graph contained a cycle at any point of time. To break the cycle, each process knows about the distance between itself and its farthest descendant. If at any point in time, and in any process, that value exceeded the diameter of the system (the number of processes in the system), then this process detects a cycle and will make itself the descendant of all its neighbors to break that cycle. It is assumed that the diameter of the system is known to all processes when the system starts its operation. Dining Philosophers with Crash Locality 1: Crash Locality is a quantity that refers to the maximum number of neighboring processes affected by a failure that occurred in the crashing process. Optimal crash locality would be 0 (no neighboring processes affected at all) in fully synchronized systems. It usually degrades to crash locality 2 when dealing with asynchronous systems. This algorithm proposes a solution with crash locality 1 (only one neighbor is affected by a process crash) using partial synchrony in the system. Partial synchrony is a mid-level of synchrony between full synchrony and asynchrony. Full synchrony means having all the processes executing the same line of code in the same time. Asynchrony means having no connection or relation of any type between the processes while execution. Partial synchrony means to have reliable channels between the processes without the guarantee of the exact concurrent execution for all the processes. The algorithm reaches its result at the end by having all the hungry processes in the system either eating or having a crashed process in its 1-neighborhood (the processes that are direct neighbor to that process). This is achieved by using the eventually perfect failure detector -P. The failure detector would act as a distributed module where each process has access only to its own local module where it can identify if it has crashed or not. On the other hand, the detector modules communicate with each other to let each process know about the processes which have crashes. The detector may make mistakes. It can suspect a correct process to have crashes (false-positive) or not suspect a crashing process (false-negative). However, after some point, the detector will converge (said to be well-founded) and provide correct information about crashes in the system. After convergence, the detector will remain well-founded thereafter. The algorithm works using the Skepticism concept. This means that the processes within the 1-neighborhood of the crashing process would be skipped (the process is called skeptical). Also, a skeptical process should not prevent its neighbor from eating if this neighbor is hungry and is not the crashing process. In other words, if we have a crashing process, its direct neighbors would be skeptical but the direct neighbors of its direct neighbors should not be affected by the processs crash by this algorithm since our main objective is to limit the crash locality to exactly 1 (only the direct neighbors of the crashing process would be affected by the crash). The algorithm is not a fixed simple list of steps to be executed. It defines a general method for limiting the crash locality to 1 by introducing a set of steps that would depend on the dining algorithm being transformed to support the crash locality condition. However, it uses the same general concept among all the algorithms. The algorithm assumes that each philosopher is in the state of eating, hungry, or thinking. Also, a philosopher wont be eating unless he becomes hungry first. Another thing is that the transition to the thinking state occurs only from the eating state. On the other hand, a philosopher wont prevent his neighbors from eating if he was in the thinking state. This means that if there is a crashing process, and its direct neighbors are being affected by that crash, implementing and insuring that those direct neighbors are in the thinking state wont prevent the other philosophers from eating and so the dining philosophers algorithm will continue its normal execution with only 1-neighborhood philosophers of the crashing philosopher affected by that crash. Comparison: Any dining philosopher solution should maintain the following 2 conditions: Safety: No neighboring philosophers could eat in the same time. No deadlock situation should occur between the philosophers. Liveness: every hungry philosopher will eventually eat (given that no hungry philosopher will eat forever). There are a lot of algorithms that have been introduced in this field. In the previous sections of the paper, we went through 3 different dining philosophers algorithms, Hygienic Algorithm, Dining Philosophers with Crash Locality 1, and Dining Philosophers that tolerate malicious crashes. Each one has its own assumptions and characteristics and so is applicable in some situations or systems that other algorithms are not. The Hygienic algorithm (Chandy / Misra solution) is one of the basic and fundamental solutions to the dining philosophers. Its main advantage is that it implements the prioritization by introducing a variable with 2 possible states for each fork; clean or dirty. This insures the liveness property and that no starvation would occur since the forks would be given to the most starved process in the system. On the other hand, this algorithm does not have any way of tolerating crashes in the system or at least limiting the circle of affected processes by a crash in the system. As a result to that, this algorithm cannot be used in a fault-tolerant system or any system that is due to crashes or failures. The second algorithm in this paper is the Dining Philosophers That Tolerate Malicious Crashes. This algorithm presents a new concept by assuming that the links between the neighboring philosophers are directed which would refer to having priorities between the different processes in the system and so avoid starvation. However, this algorithm adds a very important contribution to the regular dining philosophers algorithm by combining two concepts, Stabilization and Crash Locality. Stabilization in the algorithm works by having a crash in the system (a malicious failure as defined in the paper) and the diners algorithm would continue its execution without being affected by the crash. The crash locality in this algorithm is limited to 2. This means that maximum distance between the crashed process and the farthest affected process by that crash is 2. The algorithm works in asynchronous model of the system where no synchrony of any mean is existing between the processes in the system (every process will execute its code without knowledge about execution of every other process). The third algorithm in this paper is Dining Philosophers with Crash Locality 1. This algorithm uses Failure Detectors. A Failure Detector is a program that will eventually (after multiple runs) identify failures in the processes in the system and can inform all the other processes about the crashed process. By using this failure detector, the algorithm is able to identify the location of the crashed process and so can identify its direct neighbors. Assuming that each process is in the state of eating, thinking, or hungry, it forces the direct neighbors of the crashed process to be in the thinking state in order not to prevent their neighbors from eating and so the processes in the system will continue their execution perfectly. Note that as a part of any dining philosophers algorithm, a process cannot be in the thinking state unless it was in the eating state before. This transition is also maintained by the algorithm. By introducing some additional set of steps to the original dining philosophers algorithm, the new algorithm limits the crash locality to 1 using the previously mentioned mechanism. The additional set of steps added to do that is dependent upon the original algorithm being transformed. The paper provides transformation for 3 main dining philosophers algorithms: Asynchronous Doorway Algorithm, Hierarchical Resource Allocation Algorithm, and Hygienic Dining Philosophers Algorithm which is the first algorithm we talked about in this survey. The algorithm assumes that the system is supported by partial synchrony (not necessarily executing the same step in the same time, but there is a reliable communication channels between neighbors). Conclusion: As discussed in this paper, the dining and drinking philosophers problem is a very old and important problem in the distributed computing field. It was first introduced by Dijkstra and then used by many other researches as a general problem for illustrating mutual exclusion and resource sharing and allocation problem. A lot of algorithms have been introduced to resolve this problem with many options and assumptions which makes each proposed algorithm suitable for specific applications. In this paper, we have introduced the problem with some of the fundamental and very old solutions for it in the Introduction section. Then, we introduced 3 main algorithms for dining philosophers problem resolution. The first one is the Hygienic algorithm (Misra / Chandy solution). It is one of the first algorithms proposed for this problem. It has crash tolerance mechanism but provides priorities between processes and prevents starvation in the system. The second algorithm was a dining philosophers algorithm that tolerates malicious crashes. The algorithm works in an asynchronous system of processes and makes sure that the dining philosophers system wont crash even if a malicious crash hit a process in the system. This is done by having virtual directed links between neighboring processes to have sort of prioritization between the processes provided that the directed links should not form a cycle at all. The third algorithm was the dining philosophers with crash locality 1. This algorithm combines stabilization by allowing the system to have a crashed process while the system continues to operate correctly. Also, it provides a limit on the maximum number of processes affected by any crash in any process (Crash Locality) to be the direct neighbors of the crashing process only without letting the crash affect any other process in the system. At the end, we have combined them together into one section to list the advantages, disadvantages, assumptions, and best suitable application for each algorithm included in this paper in the comparison section.

Ernest Hemingway and Hollywood Essay example -- Biography Biographies

Hemingway and Hollywood "I try, when I'm writing a screenplay from somebody's original work, to be as faithful to it as I can be, within the limitations of a screenplay and remembering that the novel medium and the screen medium are entirely different" -Screenwriter, Casey Robinson, (Laurence 12). Hollywood attempted twice, but it still could not produce a film adaptation of A Farewell to Arms that Hemingway considered to do literary justice to his classic novel. The first effort was in 1932 when Paramount producer Frank Borzage used ridiculous publicity stunts to lure audiences, such as sending letters to women stamped REJECTED BY CENSORS. They read: Dear Madam: War-time! Suppose you were alone in a dark, drab, Swiss hotel room! In a few weeks you were to become a mother-and the man you loved was miles away-on the shell-torn Italian front. You write letter after letter to him-twenty one of them-and they are all returned stamped REJECTED BY CENSOR: This is just one of the dramatic situations in Ernest Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms, which comes to the _____ Theater on ___ (date). As you read in the novel, you'll see A Farewell to Arms on the screen! (Laurence 42-3). This was just one of the many shameless ploys Hollywood used over the years to exploit the celebrity status of the revered author; however "the effectiveness of such a publicity piece depended on the recipient's not having read the book-else they would recognize that no such situation exists in the novel" (43). Studios knew what they had to do get the ratings they sought; it was gratifying for the public "to believe that going to a movie was as good as reading a book" (43). By the time devoted Hemingway readers saw the film ... ... Arms he once said "(they did not ) also get the right to my sanction of the picture version" (Laurence 44). Despite the sum of money he made, Hemingway suggested "that the best way for a writer to deal with Hollywood was to meet the producers at the California state line: 'You throw them your book, they throw you the money. Then you jump into your car and drive like hell back the way you came" (Oliver "A Hemingway Retrospective") Works Cited: Laurence, Frank. Hemingway and the Movies. Jackson: University Press, 1981. Oliver, Charles ed. A Moving Picture Feast: The Filmgoers Hemingway. New York: Praeger 1989. Oliver, Charles. "A Hemingway Retrospective: Hemingway and Hollywood." http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/books/1999/hemingway/stories/hollywood/ http://mason-west.com/Hemingway/films.php: Films based on the works of Ernest Hemingway. Ernest Hemingway and Hollywood Essay example -- Biography Biographies Hemingway and Hollywood "I try, when I'm writing a screenplay from somebody's original work, to be as faithful to it as I can be, within the limitations of a screenplay and remembering that the novel medium and the screen medium are entirely different" -Screenwriter, Casey Robinson, (Laurence 12). Hollywood attempted twice, but it still could not produce a film adaptation of A Farewell to Arms that Hemingway considered to do literary justice to his classic novel. The first effort was in 1932 when Paramount producer Frank Borzage used ridiculous publicity stunts to lure audiences, such as sending letters to women stamped REJECTED BY CENSORS. They read: Dear Madam: War-time! Suppose you were alone in a dark, drab, Swiss hotel room! In a few weeks you were to become a mother-and the man you loved was miles away-on the shell-torn Italian front. You write letter after letter to him-twenty one of them-and they are all returned stamped REJECTED BY CENSOR: This is just one of the dramatic situations in Ernest Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms, which comes to the _____ Theater on ___ (date). As you read in the novel, you'll see A Farewell to Arms on the screen! (Laurence 42-3). This was just one of the many shameless ploys Hollywood used over the years to exploit the celebrity status of the revered author; however "the effectiveness of such a publicity piece depended on the recipient's not having read the book-else they would recognize that no such situation exists in the novel" (43). Studios knew what they had to do get the ratings they sought; it was gratifying for the public "to believe that going to a movie was as good as reading a book" (43). By the time devoted Hemingway readers saw the film ... ... Arms he once said "(they did not ) also get the right to my sanction of the picture version" (Laurence 44). Despite the sum of money he made, Hemingway suggested "that the best way for a writer to deal with Hollywood was to meet the producers at the California state line: 'You throw them your book, they throw you the money. Then you jump into your car and drive like hell back the way you came" (Oliver "A Hemingway Retrospective") Works Cited: Laurence, Frank. Hemingway and the Movies. Jackson: University Press, 1981. Oliver, Charles ed. A Moving Picture Feast: The Filmgoers Hemingway. New York: Praeger 1989. Oliver, Charles. "A Hemingway Retrospective: Hemingway and Hollywood." http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/books/1999/hemingway/stories/hollywood/ http://mason-west.com/Hemingway/films.php: Films based on the works of Ernest Hemingway.

IT Management Essay

Database management is an important aspect of any modern organization given the massive growth of data volumes as a result of regulations on data storage as well as the increase in transactions and communication channels. This paper presents issues arising form the task of managing information through its lifecycle; specifically for companies based on PeopleSoft, SAP, Siebel, CRM, Oracle E-business suite, supplier relationship management (SRM) or ERP applications which are increasingly being affected by expanding data volumes within them. The article brings into perspective, ILM; which seeks to optimize on data by employing processes, policies tools and practices essential in linking the information’s business value with the most cost effective and appropriate IT systems from its conception to the time its disposed. While the current processes of defining, managing and storing data lack emphasis on its management, ILM provides a solution for effectively managing organization data applications. It is imperative to emphasize on the now prevalent decline in business agility as a result of problems with data volumes so as to keep data management cost down by taking an enterprise approach in managing data as records. ILM supports this. The findings that 56 percent lack interest in implementing ILM strategies or that they do not know of any ILM efforts within their organizations is biased considering that the enterprise approach is a relatively new approach to organizational information management. It is the current data systems that have failed as they only allow firms to handle problems as they occur and not that firms are reactive or else undisciplined about their data challenges. The finding that most firms either do not know or allocate minimal ILM strategy budgets ought to have outlined a parallel study of efforts made in alternative data management approaches. ILM introduces a cohesive strategy for the management of information across the organization which is exactly what is needed in modern business environments. Although ILM is promising, the author ought to have compared the findings with firms’ preference for alternative systems or even priorities as well as its fit with the current technology levels. The study also does not highlight the relative costs of implementing ILM with respect to the firms’ profit margins while outlining the implementation levels for ILM. However, ILM is an important strategy for data that need to meet certain legal storage mandates although it does not assess relative cost maintaining such information as opposed to frequency of events requiring this information. While the author addresses the issues of difficulties in determining information’s life cycle, he does not address the limitations of legal determinants which could jeopardize the gains from ILM. Nolan, R. & McFarlan, W. (2005). Information Technology and the Board of Directors: Building an IT Governance Committee. Harvard Business Review, 83 (10),  In such a digital age as this, it is imperative that any organization invest in a strong governance committee on IT that can oversee the formulation and integration of IT policies into the company’s competitive advantage strategy. Warren McFarlan and Richard Nolan detail the basics of establishing and maintaining an IT governance committee. An IT governance committee is paramount in developing a custom framework on which an organization’s IT policies are founded thus enabling a firm to avoid applying other companies’ best strategies which may not fit into the modern nature business strategy. The authors elaborate on the three key approaches that are essential in guiding any company in building an effective IT governance committee: appointing the suitable personnel as well as their chairman; assessing how the committee would link to the audit committee; and the preparation of the committee’s charter. The first two are particularly more important. Independence is vital for any modern-day committee effectiveness just as the authors recommend the independence of the IT committee. Noting the importance of the importance of mentorship and expertise, McFarlan and Nolan emphasize on a chairman who’s either an IT professional (for strategic mode firms) or has past experience (for factory, turn around and support mode firms) in a successful IT-strategy based firm. In all cases, being IT-savvy, understanding an organization and its business needs as well as the systems architecture is paramount in addressing the bigger picture; technology’s potential to change the outlook of the business economy and this supports the characterization of the modern-day business leaders. In this regard, the authors emphasize on selecting a chairman or at least an IT professional who can successfully balance the short-term needs of the firm with its long-term IT investments. Since distraction by difficulties stifle IT integration, the importance of the committee and especially IT experts is addressed as they understand the important dynamics governing technological advancement both at the board and senior management level and thus can appropriately criticize all in-house entrenched thinking. The current scarcity of such experts explains the reason for the increase in number of IT consultants. The article addresses the current issues relating to accountability to the regulatory and economic objectives through alignment with the audit department. However, drastic changes characterizing the advancement in IT would necessitate a considerable number of the committee be composed of IT professionals rather the one or a few suggested by McFarlan and Nolan. Gary, S. , Alice, G. & Alexis, F. Risk Management Guide for Information Technology Systems. Recommendations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 800-30. Gaithersburg, MD. Risk management has become an important aspect of the information technology management system. Gary, Alice and Alexis emphasize on the role of IT-risk management amidst the increasingly growing use of automated information systems aimed at protecting organization’s information assets from IT based risks. IT risk management is largely a management function as this IT guides confirms through focus on the companies mission rather than the IT experts only as the firm’s capacity to perform its mission is affected by these risks. The guide outlines the practical guidelines and the available cost-effective security systems essential in protecting the mission information which is an imperative in the modern world. This guide is literary applicable in every angle of every firm as it can be easily expanded or abbreviated to tailor it to fit specific organizational situations. Apart from enabling firms’ IT departments to be accountable for IT budgets, the guide is also helpful in guiding the accreditation of the IT systems. This guide is an important resource for a wide rage of IT users: the non-technical and technical staff as well as the experienced and the non-experienced ones. Therefore this guide does not only provide an overview of IT risk management but also evaluates how such a process would rhyme with the all the phases of the system development lifecycle (SLDC) as well as detailing the obligations of individuals who usually support and apply this process. In this regard, the guide provides a clear methodology for IT risk management as well as its relation to the system accreditation. This is made simpler by the provision of system-based information essential in defining the IT system as well as its operating environment. For such a process, it is important that supporting material such as the samples for the documentation of the results for risk assessment, as well as samples of a security implementation plan be addressed more keenly as they are essential in improving the effectiveness of the guide. It also focuses on modern-day needs such as enabling IT individuals to customize their IT systems to fit into effective control systems. The authors address the importance of assessing the knowledge gap within the organization as relates to process of implementing information technology management systems. Although not related to the topic at hand, the example on electric power and railroads does address the key idea of being aware of the knowledge gap in the appropriate way so as to make the most out of IT systems’ opportunities. While it may be true that IT technologies’ cost performance had changed to the magnitude of about 107 in at the time of this study, it is no guarantee that it is going to evolve at this same as the author suggests given the tremendous growth in technology and educational advancement. The authors focus on cost effectiveness and the ability to do things differently through the transformational opportunities offered by IT integration as with the examples of American Hospital Supply’s and American Airlines SABRE. In this regard, they emphasize on the knowledge about IT’s associated economics. Strategic implementation and management of IT networks in organizations has made organizations capable of extending their scope globally to take strategic advantage of IT integration. This is because the authors address specifically the fast changing pace of business operations with regards to assumptions and rules of business competition and this an important resource for modern-day senior management and CEOs who are charged with the responsibility of diversifying into intangible services that are information based. While its clear that technology is increasingly growing, it implies that the opportunities due to IT integration are bound to increase; it also implies that companies venturing into IT management can differentiate their services and cost and product features not only for sometime to come as the author puts it but for an indefinite time provided there is follow up. However, the author provides a two lenses approach that provides a holistic approach towards IT integration. However, the authors do not note the likely challenges that the highly dynamic and drastically changing IT infrastructure as driven by competition may cost. In this regard, the article emphasize on roles of CIO and CTO.

Microsoft Word Tips Adjusting Text Alignment - Get Proofed!

Microsoft Word Tips Adjusting Text Alignment - Get Proofed! Adjusting Text Alignment Good formatting is important. After all, you need your text to be easy to read, so it needs to be presented on the page (or screen) clearly and consistently. And text alignment is a big part of this. In this post, then, we’re looking at how to adjust the text alignment in Microsoft Word. Adjusting Text Alignment The alignment options in MS Word control how text is positioned in relation to the page margins. This can be controlled via the â€Å"Paragraph† section of the â€Å"Home† tab on the ribbon. From left to right: Align Left, Center, Align Right, and Justify. From left to right, you have four alignment options available. These are: Align Left – Used to align the text to the left margin Center – Used to position text centrally on the page Align Right – Used to align the text with the right margin Justify – Used to spread text evenly across the page so the first word on each line begins at the left margin and the last word ends at the right margin To apply formatting, simply select the relevant text (or place the cursor where you want to type) and select an alignment option. Alternatively, you can select the text you want to adjust and click the arrow in the bottom corner of the â€Å"Paragraph† section to open a new window. You can then select an option from the dropdown â€Å"Alignment† menu and click â€Å"OK.† The Paragraph menu. Which Option Should You Use? For the main body of your work, you have two main options: Align Left and Justify. Justify is popular because it creates neat blocks of text, so it looks tidy. It is also useful if you have multiple columns of text on the page (this is why newspapers and magazines often use justified text). Align Left is the default for most people, though, particularly in the publishing industry. This is because it’s easy to read and prevents â€Å"rivers† (i.e., vertical blank spaces) appearing in the text. Text alignment options. In most documents, Center should be saved for headings and subheadings. You might also use it for short passages that need to be set apart from the surrounding text. However, if you need to present a longer passage in the middle of the page, such as a block quote, you should use the indent options instead of alignment. Align Right, meanwhile, is not used for much at all. There are some rare occasions when it is useful, such as for positioning a caption relative to an image. Usually, though, it just makes things harder to read. The key with formatting in any document, however, is clarity and consistency. The best alignment option to pick is therefore the one that makes your document as easy to read as possible. If you need a little assistance with your formatting, though, get in touch to see how we can help.