Youth subcultures: Phil Cohen

Youth subcultures Phil CohenA decisive evaluation of the work of Phil Cohen in coitus to our understanding of youth subcultures match to Cohen (1972), the re learning of capital of the United Kingdoms working(a)-class neighbourhoods which favoured social elect(ip)s or the gentry resulted in the marginalization of working class residents, loss of community and dis adequatement of collective power in the East End. Thus, there was a breakdown of socio-cultural interaction and dynamics that led to the using of youth subcultures. The objective of this paper is to test Cohens perspective on the impact of rapid development in London to development in the 1950s which prompted the subcultures. These subcultures became a small channel for socialization and governmental action but also created distance with mainstream society that led to conflict and alienation (Fiske et al, 2009). Cohens (1972) perspectives, which were based on his examinations of the impact of Londons 1950s redevelopm ent highlights how public policies set up curb such a profound effect on soul and social order and perception. Today, many cities, non only London argon transaction with an influx of migration which has signifi brooktly sum upd intercultural interactions. Though these trends have the potential to enrich society, there is also the challenge of having to deal with increased conflict and greater controversy which often threatens already marginalized populations the most.In the 1950s, the city managers of London launched a rapid development project designed to revitalize the capital which still was not able to recover from the damages of the Second World War. This urban re forward-lookingal project was designed to attract new residents as well as revitalize constitute areas of the city for guile and commerce. Many of the areas that were targeted for redevelopments were already resided in by working-class families who were then moved to what Cohen describes as fringe neighbourhoo ds. The areas were settled into by migrants who redesigned the areas according to their individual cultural and social backgrounds. This created a divide between neighbourhoods the new development was for the social elite, schoolgirlish professionals and affluent immigrants and the suburbs which housed the relocated residents were typically known to be peter out and underdeveloped areas. As the discrepancy of quality of life became apparent to authorities, the city planning authorities sought mitigate the situation by launching the development of high-rise housing projects specifically for working-class families. City administrators also endeavoured to attract back original residents through encouraging participation in new industries and trade and commerce channels.However, Cohen believes that the effort further marginalized these populations and increased the social and economic challenges of urban life. Cohen also gives particular attention to what he calls the collapse of matr ilocal residence, a term which he uses to refer to the tendency of nuclear family extensions to reside in close proximity to each other. This further limits the capacity of families and individuals to sustain social ties and have got systems which in twisting is associated with the breakdown of shared values, mores and standards of conduct. Cohen also believes that the redevelopment created unprecedented economic and social stress among the working class. He points out that post-World War II, many family enterprises, handed-downly the sand of local trade and industries, were facing severe competition from industries and at the same time, crowd and experts were being channelled to these industries from traditional family enterprises. There was even a campaign for the last mentioned it was deemed nationalistic to support the return on these large-scale private industries that suffered from the war. At the same time, there was also an effort to promote the modernization project as a national development agenda, to reposition the country as the leader of trade and commerce in Europe. The publicity is said to have severely hampered labour supply among community industries creating the notion of labour aristocracy.The population that was most affected by these trends were new entrants to the labour market. The transition between the working environment of their parents and the working conditions brought on by the redevelopment were significant according to Cohen because they required not only the accommodation of new labour conditional but also a new social, economic and political order in very short stopover of time. To cope with the stress of these developments, according to Cohen, these populations created subculture groups to have a sense of individuality and social reference. From this perspective, Cohen characterizes subcultures symbolic structures, not actually representing the individuals who make up the groups, representing a lifestyle or social pe rspective that does not fully conform to mainstream society. appointment of these subcultures can be made through a set of social subsystems which include their manner of dress, the music that is associated with them, the language or lexicon used, and the rituals and customs that are couple with membership or identity.According to a report developed by the World Bank (2009), the typical stress of community living are multiplies in urban settings because of the intensification of competition for re character references, spaces and opportunities. At the same time, Rothwell (2003) points out that in time of stress, individuals need greater social reinforcement to be able to have a sense of security and belongingness. In the case illustrated by Cohen (1972) of Londons redevelopment in the 1950s, he suggests that the economic, social and political challenges that the working class of the era had to deal with contributed to the increase of urban stress and the breakdown of traditional s upport systems which in turn created the platform for the development of subcultures. Similarly, Majhanovich (2002) points out that the development of subordinate organizations is an indication that there are populations feel under-represented or unrecognized without necessarily becoming a functional organization. Thus, their organization is a means of collecting power for representation or estimable recognition. This also supports Cohens (1972) assertion that subcultures are symbolic organizations, where membership is often individually defined and association can be only conceptual.Cohens definition of subcultures can be challenging but studying the examples that he provides is a great resource in understanding his perspective. Some of the challenges in his definition lie in his picture show of the phenomenon as symbolical rather than a collective of individuals. Another area of difficulty is the mechanism how youth membership in subcultures actually delays adulthood. Based on C ohens perspective, there is a suggestion is that there is almost a combative relationship between subcultures and mainstream society. This can be particularly apparent in meet of his characterizations of subcultures as having Mohawks or being active in counter-culture movements. New research is more liberal, if not democratic, in its view of subcultures, noting that any group that creates an association with a particular mode of life or belief system that does not fully conform to social precepts can be considered as a subculture (Neuliep, 2006). However, this should be seen in the context of modern society were diversity is more widely recognized and is being lobbied for in all sectors and levels of society.Though Cohens paper is supposedly moderate to 1950s working class London, he makes significant extensions from this population to include lower and middle class families. Essentially, Cohens main distinction is between what he considers the elite and what he considers as ordi nary people. It seems that Cohen is grouping them together primarily because they did not have ready access to the areas that were eyed for redevelopment which implies that the population criteria used by Cohen was not based on socio-economic level but rather a geographic one. This raises many concern regarding the demographic and psychographic homogeneity of these groups. In turn, this whitethorn have an implication on the conclusions made by Cohen on the social and psychological impact of the redevelopment project. However, this may not have an impact on his theories regarding the development of subcultures but will challenge the rationale he proposes for their initiation which he generally attributed to socio-economic stress. In parallel studies developed by contemporary researchers such as Rothwell (2003) and Neuliep (2006) regarding the development of sub-cultural ethnic groups, they point out that motivations are more socio-politically oriented.Analysis of the Cohen texts als o shows some deficiency in the evidence that he provides for his arguments. These are not to the degree that one questions the authenticity of his assertions but some of his more emotive ideas could benefit from statistics or corollary studies to support the assertion that the 1950s redevelopment in London is a primary reason for the rise in subcultures that developed in subsequent years. However, it should also be recognized that since the text is already dated and thus, contemporary readers may not be able to readily relate holistically to the social conditions and context that are being discussed. Both Majhanovich (2002) and Fiske and associates (2009) point out that these generational divides can have a significant impact on how conditions are perceived and ultimately, how relationships and correlations are going to be recognized. It is also this rationale that Cohen (1972) believes is the reason why some subcultures were constructed and perceived to be anti-establishment or to be non-conformist. It can also be one of the reasons why the subcultures are being associated with youth cultural and political movements young members of a society, when thrust into social independence, have to navigate to orientation inculcated to them by authorities whose experience is based on an antecedent social context and may develop a sense of incongruity. At the same time, because younger populations may have less social investments and responsibilities, there is greater freedom for self-expression and in ontogeny subcultures.Moreover, because growth and development are future-oriented and create social stress, younger members of a society who have yet to establish themselves are more vulnerable to its impact. According to Essess and associates (2001), perceptions of competition, identity and social roles are often issues that become critical to an individuals self valuation and thus, the need for affirmative social memberships. Cohen (1972) acknowledges the rationale for city planners for the redevelopment green light but points out that they were remiss in mitigating its negative impacts. Worse, the efforts to reverse the resulting problems only increased the problems by the displaced working class families. Essentially, planners were not able to consider how the new social conditions can impact relationships, associations and identification of affected populations. Thus, these groups were not only further marginalized but were not equipped with access to traditional social groups to hap their concerns or to lobby for action. In the article developed by Mueller (2005), peripheral populations are often sacrificed in the name of growth and development, however without the extension of the benefits of growth and development to these populations, quality of life cannot be raised. At the same time, the growth of disparities in social, economic and political status can be a source of conflict can then impede long-term growth and development goals.Cohe ns (1972) analysis of the impact of redevelopment of London in the 1950s marks a greater awareness of the impact of public policies to social, economic and political dynamics that will prevail. Though the motives behind the redevelopment undoubtedly was motivated by the go for to improve the quality of life of all citizenry, Cohens makes a valid point in citing that he efforts contributed to the urban stress that working class families were already relations with. However, the research would have definitely benefitted from more extensive empirical evidence or the corroboration of parallel studies on the development of subcultures. In conclusion, Cohens paper provides critical insights on the impact of urban redevelopment to various populations, the changes in stress that can occur, and the responsibility of planners in ensuring that programs benefit the public as a only and not just a few. In todays context of ever-increasing cultural and socially diversity, subcultures will like ly grow. In the context of its publication, there is no doubt that Cohen provided critical insights into the issue of not only youth culture and politics but also urban, growth and development concerns as well. The challenge now is not so much to control these developments but to be able to recognize such trends as a part of the growing diversity of modern societies and how to utilize them support growth and development.ReferencesCohen, P. (1972). Subcultural conflict working class community in Gelder, K., (Ed) 2nd edition (2005) The subcultures reader, London Routledge.Cox, B. and Ephross, P.H (1998). Ethnicity and Social Work Practice. New York Oxford University Press.Esses, V., J. Dovidio, L. Jackson and T. Armstrong (2001). The Immigration dilemma The Role of Perceived Group Competition, Ethnic Prejudice and National Identity. Journal of Social Issues 57, 3 389-412Fiske, A. P., Thomsen, L. and Thein, S. M. (2009). Differently embodying different relationships. European Journal of Social Psychology, quite a little 39 1294-1297Majhanovich, S. (2002). Conflicting visions, competing expectations Control and de-skilling of educationa perspective from Ontario. McGill Journal of Education, April. Retrieved March 22, 2010 from http//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3965/is_200204/ai_n9030852Mueller, A. (2005). Whats Wrong With Economic Growth? Mises Daily, August 10. Retrieved March 22, 2010, from http//mises.org/story/1877Neuliep, J. W. (2006). Intercultural Communication A Contextual Approach, 3rd edition. Thousand Oaks, CA Sage.Rothwell, J. D. (2003). In the Company of Others An Introduction to Communication. London McGraw-Hill HumanitiesWorld Bank (2009). Poverty, Growth, and Inequality. PovertyNet. Retrieved March 22, 2010, from http//web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/EXTPGI/0,,contentMDK20263370menuPK342777pagePK148956piPK216618theSitePK342771,00.htmlAnalysis of modernity Norman Cantor and Fredrich NietzscheAnalysis of Modernism Norman Cantor and Fredrich NietzscheEnemerio GalvanIntroduction In this essay, an analysis of what is modern, is an inquiry to a broad movement which birthed many Avant Garde styles and shed -ism in Modernism beginning with Impressionism movement, French/ German Expressionism, Fauvism, Surrealism, and Abstract Expressionism to name few. Every movement questioned what is art, and what is Avant Garde, and as Butler suggests, what is going on? (p14). This cauldron of modernness overflowed into the early 20th century and beyond.Modernism Background Modernism is an all-encompassing term of any art movements since the late 19th century that forever changed the account of the humanities through the 20th century. The changes came about from philosophical views, propaganda, and criticism widely influencing, more specifically, artists. In the late 19th century, a cultural revolution, and revolt to traditional cole des Beaux Arts, in Paris France, where Henri Matisse would hold professorship posi tion. The academy of formal arts had been negating art and artist in the late 1860s. The French royal Academy, and the bourgeois class rejected art and artists subjectively because their style (pure abstraction) it was non-conforming to formalist conventions and hierarchy of realism. The schools system and hierarchy of categorizing placed historical paintings at the top, and oil paint as the medium of choice, but pure abstract painting was not acceptable at the academy.It was Gustave Courbet, in 1884, who did not accept rejection. Gustave Courbet (1819-1877), and Edouard Manet (1832-83) who paved the way for Modern art. However, this rejection birthed what Charles Baudelaire called, Avant Garde. Initially, with an shew known as the Salon des Refuss of 1863.Norman Cantor (1929-2004) In its earliest tendencies, modernist art began the reductive process of Realism to Abstraction other than considered a cultural revolution and rise in consciousness pre-modernism are Reformation, Enlig htenment, and Romanticism (M1_Session 3). Cantor is responsible for establishing and defining the characteristics of Modernism Being anti historicist fetching a microcosmic view of things self-referential prefers to depict, or explore the non-ideal embraces the aesthetic of fragmentation recognizes the randomness found in the world strongly functionalist and concerned with techne recognizes the interactive reputation of things Elitist new openness toward sexuality fearlessly considers the issues of mass culture tends towards moral relativism embraces the very Nietzschean nation that humanity is most authentic when engaged in the arts pessimistic vitality, and lastly Modernism is opening to pluralism, and multicultural influences. (M1_Session 6).Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (1844-1900) was a German philologist, poet, cultural critic and philosopher, and Latin and Greek scholar whose profound influence squeeze horse opera philosophy, and its modern history. Nietzsche, had a difficu lt time growing up, and was frequently plagued with family and health problems. In 1864, he attended the University of Bonn where he met his friend Ritschl, and later, Nietzsche followed him to Leipzig University. It was in Leipzig where his views of piety would never be the same (Nietzche vii). With his rearing, and health issues (of madness) and new perspective on religion was foreshadowing to his world view, and some of his greatest philosophical polemics on Western Culture such as reason, and justness, morality Nihilism and Apollonian and Dionysian he was after all considered a mad man. The first movement of the twentieth century, is Fauvism and it function was to project a subjective epiphanic and important experience (Butler p15). Meaning this is the new and now in art. In the early twentieth century was a period philosophers like Kant, Marx and Nietzsche, and the psychology Sigmund Freud where contributing influences which propagated an emergence of genres within the moder n umbrella. In Christopher Butlers book, Modernism A Very Short Introduction, clearly suggests, and we shall see, epiphanic ways of coming to the truth(Butler p 15). In this statement Butler, affirms the subjectivity pertaining to consciousness, in that art too is subject to, its influences of criticism and philosophical ideals based on truth.Later, in the 20th century is the French Fauvist, Henri Matisse (1869-1954) is best known for pure expressive color and exaggerated forms to express emotion, emotive brushstroke cemented Matisse as Avant Garde artist in the early 20th century. In his painting Luxe, Calme et Volupt, 19041.This painting is a departure from Neo Impressionism that sets the stage for the Fauves movement as coined by Louis Vauxcelles. Per Dempsey, with its bright palette and subjective, emancipated use of colour, it creates an atmosphere and decorative surface (66).Meaning that by subjective Matisses colors and style is self -referential according to Cantor characte ristics of Modernism, and is further reductive of humanism and more Apollonian way of life, the likely mask of calmness. Another example of Apollonian system is his painting, Joy of Life (Bonheur de vivre Joie de vivre),1905-06.2 The scene depicts the figure in a leisurely and gestural quality, engaged in blinker sensuality a new embrace of sexuality. The color palette is pure and complementary, mostly middle value.Next, Matisses European counterparts, the German Expressionists are Die Brcke (1905) and Der Blaue Reiter (1911). The German Expressionist where inspired and heavily influenced, by their native compatriot Friedrich Nietzsche, whose Nihilism, and the Apollonian and Dionysian philosophies characterized a darker view on humanism, truth, and the mask of the personae. Nietzsche believed that was modernity was lacking spirituality, and its all and empty faade, and mercenary (immoral) and heretic, and his mode was philosophizing with a hammer metaphorically to reveal the emp tiness, and lack of humanistic substance (Delevati). Bold colors, dark lines, and angular lines was another reductive method of realism.